1. Gabatarwa

Bawo-bawo na nanoshells na tushen ƙarfe, musamman tsarin cibiya-da-bawo-da-bawo na zinariya-silica-zinariya (Au@SiO2@Au), sun sami sha'awar bincike sosai saboda halayensu na plasmonic na musamman. Waɗannan "nanomatryoshkas" suna nuna ƙarfafa filin kusa da kuma amsoshin gani masu daidaitawa idan aka kwatanta da nanoparticles ɗaya. Ikon su na sarrafa hulɗar haske da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar resonances na plasmon na saman (SPRs) ya sa su zama ƙwararrun ɗan takara don manyan aikace-aikace a cikin spectroscopy, magani, da mahimmanci, tattara makamashin rana mai inganci. Wannan aikin yana gabatar da tsarin ka'ida don hasashen aikin gani da ingancin jujjuyawar zafi na wadannan tsarin nanostructures a ƙarƙashin hasken rana, da nufin hanzarta ƙirar kayan don fasahar hasken rana.

2. Bayanin Ka'ida

2.1 Ka'idar Watsawar Mie

Ana ƙididdige amsar gani na tsarin nanostructures masu siffar siffa masu yawan layer ta amfani da ka'idar watsawar Mie don sassan siffa masu daidaitawa. Wannan hanyar bincike tana ba da madaidaicin mafita don giciye-sassan ɓarna, watsawa, da shan ($Q_{ext}$, $Q_{scat}$, $Q_{abs}$) a matsayin aikin tsawon zango. Ka'idar ta ƙididdige girman, abun da ke ciki, da tsarin layer na nanoparticle, yana ba da damar hasashen daidaitaccen kololuwar resonance na plasmon da faɗaɗa su.

2.2 Tsarin Canja Wurin Zafi

Zafin da aka samar bayan shan haske ana ƙirƙira shi ta amfani da ma'auni na canja wurin zafi. Makamashin rana da aka sha, wanda aka samo daga $Q_{abs}$, yana aiki azaman yawan tushen zafi. Ana ƙididdige hawan zafin jiki na lokaci da sarari a cikin matsakaicin da ke kewaye (misali, ruwa) ta hanyar bincike, yana haɗa halayen gani kai tsaye zuwa aikin zafi.

3. Hanyoyi & Tsari

3.1 Tsarin Jihohi na Nanostructure

Tsarin yana bincika siffar siffa mai layer uku masu daidaitawa: cibiyar zinariya (radius $r_1$), bawo na silica (radius na waje $r_2$), da bawo na zinariya na waje (radius na waje $r_3$), wanda aka saka a cikin ruwa ($\varepsilon_4$). Ana bayyana tsarin jihohi ta hanyar ayyukan dielectric: $\varepsilon_1$(Au, cibiya), $\varepsilon_2$(SiO2), $\varepsilon_3$(Au, bawo).

3.2 Aikin Dielectric & Sigogi

Ana amfani da gyaran aikin dielectric na gabaɗaya na zinariya mai dogaro da girma don ƙididdige tasirin watsawar saman na lantarki a cikin zinariya na nanoscale, wanda yake da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen hasashe, musamman ga siffofi ƙasa da 50nm. Ana ɗaukar sigogin kayan don zinariya da silica daga ingantaccen bayanan gwaji.

4. Sakamako & Bincike

Mahimmin Ma'aunin Aiki

Ya Dogara da Tsari

Ingancin shan makamashin rana yana da daidaitawa sosai ta hanyar girma na cibiya/bawo.

Yanayin Simulation

80 mW/cm²

Hasken rana da aka yi amfani da shi don hasashen hawan zafin jiki.

Tushen Ka'ida

Ka'idar Mie

Yana ba da daidaiton ƙididdiga tare da gwaje-gwajen da suka gabata.

4.1 Giciye-Sassan Gani & Bakan

Ƙididdiga sun bayyana cewa tsarin Au@SiO2@Au yana goyan bayan resonances na plasmon masu yawa, masu daidaitawa. Layer na tazarar silica yana haifar da haɗin kai tsakanin plasmons na cibiya na ciki da na waje, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar daidaitattun yanayi. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarfafa da faɗaɗa bandeji na shawa a cikin bakan na gani da kusa da infrared idan aka kwatanta da bawo ɗaya na Au ko nanoparticle na Au mai ƙarfi, wanda ya dace don ɗaukar mafi girman yanki na bakan hasken rana.

4.2 Ingancin Shan Makamashin Rana

Ana ƙididdige ingancin shan makamashin rana ta hanyar haɗa giciye-sashin sha $Q_{abs}(\lambda)$ a kan bakan hasken rana AM 1.5. Ƙimar aikin da aka gabatar tana nuna cewa za a iya inganta inganci ta hanyar daidaita radii $r_1$, $r_2$, da $r_3$ a hankali. Ƙirar multilayer tana ba da madaidaicin daidaitawar bakan ga hasken rana fiye da sassauƙan tsari.

4.3 Hasashen Hawan Zafin Jiki

Tsarin yana hasashen hawan zafin jiki mai dogaro da lokaci na maganin nanoshell a ƙarƙashin haske. Ta amfani da ƙididdigar $Q_{abs}$ a matsayin tushen zafi, mafita ta bincike na canja wurin zafi tana nuna hawan zafin jiki mai ƙima wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin daga ma'aunin gwaji na baya, yana tabbatar da ikon hasashe na tsarin don aikace-aikacen zafi na haske.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Ra'ayin Mai Bincike

Fahimtar Cibiya

Wannan takarda ba wani simulation na plasmonics kawai ba ce; tsari ne da aka yi niyya don ƙira mai hankali-sama da gwaji-da-kuskure a cikin nanomaterials na zafi na haske. Ta hanyar haɗa ka'idar Mie tare da aikin dielectric da aka gyara girman a tsanake, marubutan sun wuce daidaitawar resonance na ƙima zuwa hasashen ƙididdiga na ma'aunin jujjuyawar makamashi, musamman hawan zafin jiki a ƙarƙashin ainihin ƙwararar hasken rana. Wannan yana haɗa gibin mahimmanci tsakanin ilimin gani na asali da injiniyan zafi na aikace-aikace.

Kwararar Hankali

Hankali yana da kyakkyawan layi kuma mai ƙarfi: 1) Tsarin jihohi yana bayyana gani (Ka'idar Mie → $Q_{abs}(\lambda)$). 2) Gani yana bayyana shigar da wutar lantarki ($Q_{abs}$ da aka haɗa akan bakan hasken rana → ikon da aka sha). 3) Shigar da wutar lantarki yana bayyana fitarwar zafi (ma'auni na canja wurin zafi → $\Delta T(t)$). Wannan cascades yana kwatanta tsarin zahiri kansa, yana sa tsarin ya zama mai fahimta kuma mai inganci a injiniya. Yana bin hanyar farko-farko iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin manyan ayyuka kamar ƙirar lu'ulu'u na photonic, inda tsari ke bayyana aiki.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfi: Haɗa gyare-gyaren dielectric masu dogaro da girma babban ƙarfi ne, wanda sau da yawa ake watsi da su a cikin sassauƙan tsari amma yana da mahimmanci don daidaito a nanoscale, kamar yadda aka jaddada a cikin albarkatu kamar Ma'ajin Bayanan Refractive Index. Haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa sakamako mai ma'auni (zafin jiki) yana da matuƙar ƙima don mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikace.
Kurakurai: Kyawun tsarin shi ma iyakarsa ce. Yana ɗauka cikakkiyar daidaiton siffar siffa, monodispersity, da barbashi marasa hulɗa a cikin matsakaici mai kama - yanayin da ba kasafai ake cika su ba a cikin haɗaɗɗun colloids ko haɗaɗɗun kayan aiki. Yana watsi da yuwuwar hanyoyin lalacewa marasa radiyo waɗanda ba sa jujjuya zuwa zafi kuma suna ɗauka daidaiton zafi nan take a saman nanoparticle, wanda zai iya rushewa a ƙarƙashin bugun jini ko haske mai ƙarfi sosai.

Fahimta Mai Aiki

Ga masu bincike da injiniyoyi: Yi amfani da wannan tsarin a matsayin madaidaicin farawa don ƙirar in-silico. Kafin haɗa nanoparticle ɗaya, share sigogi ($r_1$, $r_2$, $r_3$) don nemo gaban Pareto don shan bandwidth vs. ƙarfin kololuwa. Ga masu gwaji, hasashen $\Delta T(t)$ yana ba da ma'auni; bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci suna nuna tarawa, rashin cikar siffa, ko batutuwan rufi. Mataki na gaba na hankali, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin juyin halitta na tsari don kayan kamar perovskites, shine haɗa wannan babban tsarin tare da lissafin ruwa na lissafi (don asarar convective) ko bincike na iyaka (don hadaddun tsarin jihohi da kayan aiki).

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Cibiyar ƙididdigar gani ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ƙididdiga na Mie $a_n$ da $b_n$ don siffar siffa mai yawan layer. Giciye-sassan ɓarna da watsawa ana bayar da su ta:

$Q_{ext} = \frac{2\pi}{k^2} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (2n+1)\operatorname{Re}(a_n + b_n)$

$Q_{scat} = \frac{2\pi}{k^2} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} (2n+1)(|a_n|^2 + |b_n|^2)$

inda $k = 2\pi\sqrt{\varepsilon_4}/\lambda$ shine lambar igiyar ruwa a cikin matsakaicin da ke kewaye. Giciye-sashin sha shine $Q_{abs} = Q_{ext} - Q_{scat}$. Ƙididdiga $a_n$ da $b_n$ ayyuka ne masu rikitarwa na sigar girman $x = kr$ da ma'auni na refractive na dangi $m_i = \sqrt{\varepsilon_i / \varepsilon_4}$ ga kowane layer, ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar algorithms masu maimaitawa dangane da ayyukan Riccati-Bessel.

Yawan tushen zafi $S$ (iko kowace juzu'in girma) da aka samar a cikin nanoparticle shine $S = I_{sol} \cdot Q_{abs} / V$, inda $I_{sol}$ shine hasken rana kuma $V$ shine girma na barbashi. Hawan zafin jiki $\Delta T$ a cikin ruwan da ke kewaye ana warware shi daga ma'aunin yaduwar zafi, sau da yawa yana haifar da kusanci mai ma'ana zuwa zafin jiki mai tsayayye.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Zane

Bayanin Zane (Hoto na 1 a cikin PDF): Zanen yana kwatanta tsarin "nanomatryoshka" na Au@SiO2@Au mai daidaitawa. Ra'ayi ne na giciye-giciye yana nuna cibiyar zinariya mai ƙarfi (na ciki, mai lakabin Au), wanda ke kewaye da bawo na silica mai siffar siffa (tsakiya, mai lakabin SiO2), wanda kuma aka lulluɓe da bawo na zinariya na waje (na waje, mai lakabin Au). Gabaɗayan tsarin yana nutsar da shi cikin ruwa. Ana nuna radii kamar $r_1$ (radius na cibiya), $r_2$ (radius na waje na bawo na silica), da $r_3$ (radius na bawo na zinariya na waje). Daidaitattun lambobin dielectric sune $\varepsilon_1$ (cibiyar Au), $\varepsilon_2$ (SiO2), $\varepsilon_3$ (bawo na Au), da $\varepsilon_4$ (ruwa).

Mahimmin Haɗin Gwaji: Takardar ta bayyana cewa ƙididdiga na ka'ida, waɗanda suka haɗa da gyaran dielectric mai dogaro da girma, "sun yarda da kyau tare da sakamakon gwaji na baya." Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙididdigar bakan ɓarna/sha don takamaiman sigogi na jihohi suna sake samar da matsayi na kololuwa, siffofi, da ƙarfin dangi da aka gani a ainihin ma'aunin spectroscopic na synthesized Au@SiO2@Au nanoparticles, yana tabbatar da daidaiton tsarin ka'ida.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Nazarin Lamari

Yanayi: Ƙirƙirar nanoshell don matsakaicin tasirin zafi na haske a cikin kawar da gishirin ruwan teku mai motsi da hasken rana.

Aikace-aikacen Tsari:

  1. Bayyana Manufa: Matsakaicin haɗaɗɗun $Q_{abs}$ akan bakan AM 1.5 don samar da zafi don samar da tururi.
  2. Share Sigogi: Ta amfani da tsarin, bambanta $r_1$ (10-30 nm), $r_2$ (40-60 nm), da $r_3$ (50-70 nm) bisa tsari.
  3. Ƙididdiga Ma'auni: Ga kowane tsarin jihohi, ƙididdige ingancin shan hasken rana (ƙimar aiki daga takarda) da hasashen tsayayyen $\Delta T$ a cikin ruwa a 80 mW/cm².
  4. Inganta & Gano Ciniki: Zanen kwane-kwane zai iya bayyana cewa bawo na waje na Au mai sirara ($r_3 - r_2$) yana faɗaɗa resonance amma yana rage kololuwar sha. Matsakaicin ma'anar yana daidaita bandwidth da ƙarfi don bakan hasken rana.
  5. Fitarwa: Tsarin ya gano tsarin ɗan takara (misali, $r_1=20$ nm, $r_2=50$ nm, $r_3=60$ nm) tare da hasashen aiki mafi girma fiye da nanoparticle na Au mai ƙarfi na daidai girma. Wannan manufar tsarin jihohi ana mika shi ga ƙungiyoyin haɗawa.
Wannan tsari, tsarin da ke motsa tsari yana hana haɗawa da gwaji bazuwar, yana adana lokaci da albarkatu masu mahimmanci.

9. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyi

  • Kawar da Gishiri & Catalysis na Zafi-Rana: Ingantattun nanostructures za su iya zama tushen zafi mai inganci, na gida don ƙawancen ruwa ko don fitar da halayen sinadarai masu zafi (misali, sake fasalin methane) ta amfani da hasken rana.
  • Magungunan Maganin Zafi na Haske: Ƙara daidaita resonances cikin tagogin kusa da infrared na halitta (NIR-I, NIR-II) zai iya haɓaka shigar da nama mai zurfi don maganin ciwon daji, gina akan ra'ayoyi daga dandamali kamar Labarin Halayen Nanotechnology na NCI.
  • Haɗaɗɗun Tsarin Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV-T): Haɗa waɗannan nanoparticles a matsayin masu jujjuyawar bakan a gaban ko a cikin ƙwayoyin hasken rana. Za su iya sha da jujjuya hasken UV/blue (wanda ƙwayoyin hasken rana ke amfani da shi mara inganci) zuwa zafi, yayin da suke bayyane ga hasken ja/NIR da tantanin halitta ke amfani da shi, yana iya ƙara ingancin tsarin gabaɗaya.
  • Ƙirar Ƙira Mai Ci Gaba: Aikin nan gaba dole ne ya haɗa wannan babban tsarin tare da ƙarin simulation masu rikitarwa: Yankin Lokaci-Bambance-Bambance (FDTD) don barbashi marasa siffa ko haɗaɗɗu, da haɗaɗɗun simulation na gani-zafi-ruwa don yanayin na'urar duniya.
  • Binciken Kayan Aiki: Yin amfani da tsarin ƙira iri ɗaya zuwa madadin kayan kamar masu sarrafa lantarki da aka yi doping, nitrides na plasmonic (misali, TiN), ko kayan aiki biyu-zane-zane na iya haifar da nanostructures mai arha, mafi kwanciyar hankali, ko mai wadata aiki.

10. Nassoshi

  1. Phan, A. D., Le, N. B., Lien, N. T. H., & Wakabayashi, K. (2022). Multilayered plasmonic nanostructures for solar energy harvesting. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.03755v1.
  2. Bohren, C. F., & Huffman, D. R. (1983). Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. Wiley.
  3. Kreibig, U., & Vollmer, M. (1995). Optical Properties of Metal Clusters. Springer.
  4. Prodan, E., Radloff, C., Halas, N. J., & Nordlander, P. (2003). A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures. Science, 302(5644), 419-422.
  5. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2023). Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov.
  6. Link, S., & El-Sayed, M. A. (1999). Spectral properties and relaxation dynamics of surface plasmon electronic oscillations in gold and silver nanodots and nanorods. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 103(40), 8410-8426.
  7. Richardson, H. H., et al. (2009). Experimental and theoretical studies of light-to-heat conversion and collective heating effects in metal nanoparticle solutions. Nano Letters, 9(3), 1139-1146.