Binciken Bambancin Aiki da Ramukan Ƙananan Ƙarfi ke Haifarwa a cikin Kwayoyin Hasken Rana na Perovskite

1. Gabatarwa

Kwayoyin hasken rana na perovskite (PSCs) sun zama babbar fasahar samar da wutar lantarki saboda saurin haɓaka aikin su, wanda yanzu ya wuce 20%. Duk da haka, babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga kasuwanci shi ne bambancin aikin da ake gani tsakanin na'urorin da aka ƙera a dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban. Babban abin da ake zargi shi ne rashin ingantaccen sarrafa siffar filayen perovskite yayin ajiyewa, wanda ke haifar da rufe saman da bai dace ba da kuma samuwar ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi. Waɗannan lahani suna haifar da hulɗar kai tsaye tsakanin Layer na Jigilar Electron (ETL) da Layer na Jigilar Rami (HTL), waɗanda za su iya zama cibiyoyin sake haɗawa da rage shan haske. Wannan rubutun yana amfani da cikakkun simintin lambobi da ƙirar bincike don ƙididdige tasirin rarraba girman ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi da cikakken rufe saman akan mahimman ma'auni na aiki: ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na gajeriyar kewayawa ($J_{SC}$) da ƙarfin lantarki na buɗaɗɗen kewayawa ($V_{OC}$).

2. Tsarin Samfurin Ƙirarwa

Binciken ya ƙirƙira daidaitaccen tsarin kwayar hasken rana na perovskite n-i-p. Babban ƙirƙira shi ne haɗa "ramuka" ko ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi a cikin Layer na perovskite, wanda ke wakiltar wuraren da rufe saman bai yi kyau ba (wanda aka nuna shi da ma'aunin rufewa $s$). Kwayar sel don simintin lambobi ta haɗa da wani yanki na perovskite da kuma yanki na kusa da rami mai faɗi da ke da alaƙa da girman ramin ƙananan ƙarfi. Samfurin ya ƙididdige manyan hanyoyin asara guda biyu: (1) rage shan haske saboda rashin kayan perovskite, da (2) haɓaka sake haɗawar mai ɗaukar kaya a wurin hulɗar ETL/HTL da aka fallasa a cikin ramin.

3. Cikakken Fahimta, Tsarin Ma'ana

Cikakken Fahimta: Mai yiwuwa an wuce gona da iri wajen mayar da hankalin al'umma kan kawar da duk ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi. Wannan aikin ya kawo wani muhimmin bincike, mai sa ban mamaki: ƙarfin lantarki na buɗaɗɗen kewayawa ($V_{OC}$) na kwayar hasken rana na perovskite yana nuna ƙarfi mai ban mamaki a kan siffar ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi (rarraba girman su), maimakon haka yana kula da adadin abin da ya ɓace (rufe saman, $s$). Wannan ya raba hanyoyin ingantawa don $J_{SC}$ da $V_{OC}$.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Binciken ya gina daga ka'idoji na farko. Ya fara ne ta hanyar ayyana kwayar sel tare da yankin perovskite da rami, ƙirar samuwar haske da jigilar mai ɗaukar kaya. Mataki mai mahimmanci shi ne raba asarar: asarar haske a cikin rami ta kai kai tsaye $J_{SC}$, yayin da asarar sake haɗawa a wurin hulɗar ETL/HTL ke shafar duka $J_{SC}$ da $V_{OC}$. Simintin lambobi ya share ma'auni kamar faɗin rami (girman ramin ƙananan ƙarfi) da saurin sake haɗawar hulɗa. Sakamako mai kyau shi ne cewa $V_{OC}$, wanda ke ƙarƙashin rarraba matakin Fermi na quasi, ya kasance barga idan an sarrafa sake haɗawar hulɗa, ba tare da la'akari da ko ramin babban ramin ƙananan ƙarfi ne ko ƙananan ramuka da yawa na jimlar yanki ɗaya. $J_{SC}$, kasancewar ƙarfin lantarki da aka haɗa, yana raguwa kai tsaye ta wurin yankin shan da aka ɓace, yana sa ya zama mai mahimmanci ga rarraba sararin samaniya na waɗannan ramukan.

4. Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai

Ƙarfafawa:

• Ƙarshe Mai Sauya Tsari: Yana ƙalubalantar akidar "babu ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi ko da yaya" da ta mamaye, yana ba da mafi kyawun hangen nesa game da haƙurin lahani.
• Ƙaƙƙarfan Hanyar Aiki: Ya haɗa simintin lambobi tare da ƙirar bincike masu goyan baya, yana ba da zurfi da kuma bayyananniyar ra'ayi.
• Amfanin Aiki: Shawarar da aka ba da tushen I-V don binciken rufe saman wata hanya ce mai yuwuwa mai ƙima, mai rahusa don sa ido kan tsari a cikin Bincike & Ci gaba da Samarwa.
• Hangar Gaba: Yana buɗe kofa don "ƙirar hulɗa" a matsayin dabarar haɗin gwiwa ko madadin don ingantaccen sarrafa siffa.

Kurakurai & Iyakoki:

• Ƙirar Lissafi Mai Sauƙi: Samfurin kwayar sel 1D/2D tare da ramuka na yau da kullun shine sauƙaƙaƙe idan aka kwatanta da hadaddun cibiyoyin sadarwar ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi marasa tsari da ake gani a cikin fina-finai na jujjuyawar gaske (kamar bambanci tsakanin ingantaccen fassarar hoto irin na CycleGAN da bayanan hayaniya na ainihi).
• Rashin Sanin Kayan Aiki: Samfurin yana amfani da ma'auni na gama gari na semiconductor. Ba ya ɗaukar takamaiman hanyoyin lalacewa masu dogaro da sinadarai waɗanda ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi za su iya ƙara, kamar shigar danshi ko ƙaura ion, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga kwanciyar hankali na perovskite.
• Rashin Tabbatar da Gwaji: Binciken ya kasance na lissafi kawai. Duk da cewa hujjoji suna da inganci, ana buƙatar alaƙa tare da ƙayyadaddun bayanan gwaji da aka sarrafa waɗanda ke da ƙididdiga na rarraba ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi don cikakken yanƙuri.

5. Hanyoyin Aiki masu Amfani

Ga masu bincike da injiniyoyi, wannan takarda ta ba da shawarar juyawa mai dorewa:

1. Sake Faraɗa Halayen Halayen: Kar a ƙidaya ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi kawai daga hotunan SEM; ƙididdige ingantaccen rufe saman na lantarki ta amfani da hanyar I-V da aka ba da shawara ko makamantansu na binciken lantarki.
2. Ingantawa ta Hanyoyi Biyu: Yi aiki a kan bangarori biyu a lokaci guda: (a) Inganta siffa don haɓaka $J_{SC}$, da (b) Ƙirar hulɗoƙi masu ƙarancin sake haɗawa (ETL/HTL) don kare $V_{OC}$ da samar da buffer a kan lahani na siffa da ba za a iya kaucewa ba. Ku duba kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙarfin aiki na rikodin daga cibiyoyi kamar Oxford PV ko KAUST.
3. Sake Tunanin Tagogin Aiki: Tsarin ajiyewa wanda ke haifar da ɗan ƙaramin rufe saman amma tare da ingantattun kaddarorin hulɗa na iya zama mafi sauƙin samarwa kuma ya haifar da mafi girman matsakaicin aiki fiye da tsari mai rauni da ke nufin cikakkiyar rufewa, 100%.
4. Sabon Ma'auni na Daraja: Don Layer na hulɗa, fifita "saurin sake haɗawa a wurin hulɗar ETL/HTL da aka fallasa" a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci tare da na al'ada kamar gudanarwa.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban binciken ya dogara ne akan warware ci gaba da mai ɗaukar kaya da daidaitattun lissafin Poisson a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙirar kwayar sel. An ƙididdige adadin samuwar hoto $G(x)$ ta amfani da hanyoyin canja wurin matrix na gani, la'akari da tasirin tsangwama. Muhimmin fahimtar bincike tana danganta $V_{OC}$ da rufe saman $s$ da ƙarfin lantarki na sake haɗawa a wurin hulɗa $J_{rec,int}$:

$V_{OC} \approx \frac{n k T}{q} \ln\left(\frac{J_{ph}}{J_{0, bulk} + (1-s) J_{0, int}}\right)$

inda $J_{ph}$ shine ƙarfin lantarki na hoto, $J_{0, bulk}$ shine ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na cikakken perovskite, kuma $J_{0, int}$ shine ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na kai tsaye hulɗar ETL/HTL a cikin ramin. Wannan lissafin ya nuna a sarari cewa lalacewar $V_{OC}$ tana da alaƙa da kalmar $(1-s)J_{0,int}$. Idan $J_{0,int}$ za a iya sanya shi ƙanƙanta ta hanyar ƙirar hulɗa, tasirin ƙarancin rufewa $(1-s)$ yana raguwa.

An kiyasta ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na gajeriyar kewayawa ta hanyar haɗa ƙarfin lantarki na hoto wanda ba a ɓace a yankin rami ko sake haɗawa:

$J_{SC} \approx s \cdot J_{ph, ideal} - q (1-s) \int U_{int} dx$

inda $U_{int}$ shine adadin sake haɗawa a wurin hulɗa, yana nuna dogaro kai tsaye akan duka $s$ da aikin sake haɗawa.

7. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Ginshiƙi

Taƙaitaccen Sakamakon Simintin Lambobi: Simintin lambobi suna haifar da manyan sakamako guda biyu da aka gani a cikin mahimman ginshiƙai.

Ginshiƙi 1: $J_{SC}$ da $V_{OC}$ vs. Girman Ramin Ƙananan Ƙarfi (don ƙayyadaddun rufewa). Wannan ginshiƙi zai nuna $J_{SC}$ yana raguwa yayin da girman ramin ƙananan ƙarfi ya ƙaru, ko da don jimlar yankin rami akai, saboda ƙaruwar rabo na kewaye zuwa yanki da kuma sake haɗawar da ke da alaƙa. Akasin haka, lanƙwasa $V_{OC}$ zai kasance a kwance, yana nuna rashin kula da rarraba girman.

Ginshiƙi 2: Aiki vs. Rufe Saman don Saurin Sake Haɗawar Hulɗa daban-daban (SRV). Wannan shine ginshiƙi mafi bayyanawa. Zai nuna lanƙwasa da yawa: Don babban SRV (mummunan hulɗa), aiki yana faɗuwa da sauri yayin da rufewa ke raguwa. Don ƙananan SRV (ingantaccen hulɗa), lanƙwasa na aiki ya kasance mai tsayi kuma a kwance, yana nuna cewa ko da na'urori tare da rufewa 80-90% na iya riƙe >90% na aikin ingantaccen tantanin halitta. Wannan a zahiri ya ƙunshi babban hujjar takarda don ƙirar hulɗa.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙera PSCs tare da sabon tawada na farko. Binciken SEM ya nuna rufe saman ~92%, amma ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi sun bayyana manya fiye da a cikin daidaitaccen girke-girke. Bincike na Al'ada: Ƙarshe cewa sabon tawada ya fi ƙasƙanci saboda manyan ramukan ƙananan ƙarfi, mayar da hankali kan gyara siffa. Bincike na Tushen Tsarin (daga wannan takarda):

1. Auna Fitowar Lantarki: Ciro $V_{OC}$ da $J_{SC}$ daga lanƙwasa I-V.
2. Bincike: Idan $V_{OC}$ ya kasance mai tsayi (kusa da tushen tare da rufewa 98%), yana nuna hulɗar ETL/HTL tana da ƙarancin saurin sake haɗawa ($J_{0,int}$ ƙanƙanta ne). Babban asara yana cikin $J_{SC}$.
3. Tushen Dalili & Aiki: Matsala ita ce ta farko ta gani (ɓataccen yankin sha). Hanyar magance ita ce inganta samuwar filim don ƙara rufewa, ba lallai ba ne a canza kayan hulɗa. Girman babban ramin ƙananan ƙarfi ba shi da damuwa ga ƙarfin lantarki.
4. Ƙididdige: Yi amfani da samfurin bincike don sake lissafin ingantaccen $J_{0,int}$, tabbatar da cewa yana da ƙanƙanta. Wannan yana tabbatar da ingancin hulɗa.

9. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Fahimtar daga wannan aikin tana da tasiri kai tsaye ga samar da PSCs mai ma'ana.

• Haƙurin Samarwa: Ta hanyar ayyana taga "rufe saman da aka yarda da shi ta hanyar lantarki" (misali, >90%) maimakon manufar cikakkiya, dabarun ajiyewa kamar rufin rami ko rufin wuka sun zama mafi dacewa, kamar yadda sukan samar da fina-finai tare da babban ƙazamin amma rufewa da aka yarda da shi.
• Ƙirar Hulɗa mai Ƙarfi: Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya mayar da hankali kan haɓaka Layer na hulɗa na "gama gari" waɗanda ke ba da ingantaccen zaɓin caji da ƙarancin sake haɗawa a kowane wurin hulɗa da aka fallasa. Kayan kamar Layer na kai-da-kai (SAMs) ko oxides masu faɗin bandeji suna da kyakkyawar dama.
• Haɗaɗɗun Bincike: Shawarar binciken I-V za a iya haɗa shi cikin tsarin sarrafa inganci a cikin layin samarwa na matukin jirgi don sa ido kan daidaiton rufi a ainihin lokaci.
• Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Haɗin gwiwa: Wannan ka'ida tana da mahimmanci ga haɗin gwiwar perovskite-silicon. Babban tantanin halitta na perovskite, wanda galibi ana ajiye shi akan silicon mai siffa, zai kasance da cikakken rufewa. Ƙirar hulɗa kusan mara sake haɗawa tsakanin Layer na jigilar caji na perovskite da ƙasan tantanin halitta na silicon (ko Layer na tsaka-tsaki) yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye babban $V_{OC}$ a cikin tarin haɗin gwiwa.

10. Nassoshi

1. Agarwal, S., & Nair, P. R. (Shekara). Pinhole induced efficiency variation in perovskite solar cells. Sunan Jarida, Volume(Lamba), shafuka. (Rubutun da aka bincika).
2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Mafi kyawun Taswirar Aikin Bincike-Cell. An samo daga https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
3. Green, M. A., et al. (2021). Teburin aikin tantanin hasken rana (Sigar 57). Ci gaba a cikin Photovoltaics: Bincike & Aikace-aikace, 29(1), 3-15.
4. Rong, Y., et al. (2018). Kalubale don kasuwanci kwayoyin hasken rana na perovskite. Kimiyya, 361(6408), eaat8235.
5. Zhu, H., et al. (2022). Ƙirar hulɗa don kwayoyin hasken rana na perovskite. Nature Reviews Materials, 7(7), 573-589.
6. Isola, P., et al. (2017). Fassarar Hoto-zuwa-Hoto tare da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Sharadi. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). (An ambata a matsayin kwatancen hadaddun, canjin bayanai mara kyau).
7. Oxford PV. Fasahar Kwayoyin Hasken Rana na Perovskite. https://www.oxfordpv.com/technology