Rahoton Fasaha: Cibiyar Sadarwa Mai Fahimtar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa

1. Gabatarwa

Sashin Sadarwa da Fasahar Sadarwa (ICT) babban mai amfani ne kuma mai girma na makamashi a duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga fitar da carbon. Hanyoyin gargajiya na koren ICT sun mayar da hankali kan manyan cibiyoyin bayanai masu tsakiya waɗanda ke amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Duk da haka, wannan tsari yana da iyaka ta hanyar ƙuntatawa na yanki da kuma yanayin makamashi mai sabuntawa na lokaci-lokaci (misali, hasken rana, iska). Wannan takarda, "Cibiyar Sadarwa Mai Fahimtar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa," tana magance wannan gibi ta hanyar gabatar da sabon tsari mai rarrabawa. Babban ra'ayi yana amfani da ajiyar cikin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin masu hanyar sadarwa—kowanne yana da ma'ajiya kuma yana amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa na gida—don kawo abun ciki kusa da masu amfani da kuma amfani da hankali da makamashi mai sabuntawa da aka watsa a yanki.

2. Shawarar Mafita

Tsarin da aka gabatar tsari ne mai nau'i biyu wanda aka ƙera don haɓaka amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa na masu hanyar sadarwa na abun ciki.

2.1. Bayyani Gabaɗaya na Tsarin Tsarin

Tsarin yana canza hanyar sadarwa daga kawai kayan aikin turawa fakitoci zuwa dandamali mai rarrabawa, mai fahimtar makamashi don isar da abun ciki. Kowane mai hanyar sadarwa yana aiki azaman mai yuwuwar ma'ajiyar ajiya, yana amfani da nasa hanyar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa (alluran hasken rana, injinan iska). Mai sarrafa tsakiya ko tsarin rarrabawa yana daidaitawa tsakanin samuwar makamashi da sanya abun ciki.

2.2. Layer 1: Hanyar Sadarwa Mai Fahimtar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa

Wannan Layer yana da alhakin gano hanyoyi ta cikin hanyar sadarwa waɗanda ke haɓaka amfani da masu hanyar sadarwa a halin yanzu waɗanda ke amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Yana amfani da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai rarrabawa wanda ya dogara da gradient. Kowane mai hanyar sadarwa yana tallata matakin samuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ana yanke shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar turawa buƙatun zuwa maƙwabta masu "gradient na makamashi mai sabuntawa" mafi girma, yana ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da suke "kore" yadda ya kamata. Ana iya bayyana ma'aunin asali a matsayin samuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa $E_{ren}(t)$ a mai hanyar sadarwa $i$ a lokacin $t$.

2.3. Layer 2: Tsarin Ajiyar Abun Ciki

Da zarar an gano hanyar makamashi mai sabuntawa mai girma, wannan Layer yana jawo abun ciki mai shahara daga cibiyar bayanai ta asali da gangan ko a mayar da martani kuma ya ajiye shi a kan masu hanyar sadarwa tare da wannan hanyar. Wannan yana biyun manufa: (1) yana rage jinkirin gaba ga masu amfani kusa da wannan hanyar, kuma (2) yana canza amfani da makamashi don ba da wannan abun ciki daga mai yiwuwa cibiyar bayanai mai amfani da makamashi mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa masu hanyar sadarwa masu amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Manufofin sanyawa ajiya da maye gurbinsu ana auna su ta hanyar matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa na mai hanyar sadarwa.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya ƙirƙira shawarar hanyar sadarwa a matsayin nemo hanyar $P$ daga abokin ciniki zuwa tushen abun ciki (ko ajiya) wanda ke haɓaka amfanin makamashi mai sabuntawa gabaɗaya. Aikin manufa mai sauƙaƙe don zaɓin hanyar zai iya zama:

$\max_{P} \sum_{i \in P} \alpha_i \cdot E_{ren}^i(t) - \beta \cdot Latency(P) - \gamma \cdot Hop\_Count(P)$

Inda:

• $E_{ren}^i(t)$: Makamashi mai sabuntawa da ake samu a mai hanyar sadarwa $i$ a lokacin $t$.
• $\alpha_i$: Ma'aunin nauyi don makamashin mai hanyar sadarwa $i$ (zai iya dogara ne akan ƙarfin carbon).
• $Latency(P)$: Kimantaccen jinkiri daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe na hanyar $P$.
• $Hop\_Count(P)$: Adadin tsalle-tsalle a cikin hanyar $P$.
• $\beta, \gamma$: Ma'auni don daidaita amfani da makamashi tare da aiki.

Dabarar ajiyar ajiya na iya amfani da aikin amfani don abun ciki $c$ akan mai hanyar sadarwa $i$: $U_i(c) = \frac{Popularity(c)}{Size(c)} \times E_{ren}^i(t)$. Abun ciki tare da amfani mafi girma ana ba shi fifiko don ajiya.

4. Saitin Gwaji & Sakamako

4.1. Saitin Gadon Gwaji

Marubutan sun gina gadon gwaji ta amfani da bayanan yanayi na ainihi (hasken rana da saurin iska) daga wurare daban-daban na yanki don kwaikwayon fitar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ga kowane mai hanyar sadarwa. An kwaikwayi tsarin hanyar sadarwa don wakiltar hanyoyin sadarwa na ISP na gaskiya. Tsarin buƙatun abun ciki ya bi tsarin rarrabawa kamar na Zipf.

4.2. Ma'auni Mafi Muhimmanci na Aiki

• Amfani da Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa: Kashi na jimillar makamashi da aka samo daga tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa.
• Rage Nauyin Cibiyar Bayanai: Ragewar buƙatun da cibiyar bayanai ta asali ke yi kai tsaye.
• Matsakaicin Cin Ajiya: Adadin buƙatun da ake biya ta hanyar ajiyar cikin cibiyar sadarwa.
• Jinkiri: Matsakaicin lokacin isar da abun ciki.

4.3. Sakamako & Bincike

Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci a cikin amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa idan aka kwatanta da tsarin ICN na asali ba tare da hanyar sadarwa mai fahimtar makamashi ba. Ta hanyar jagorantar zirga-zirga ta hanyoyin "kore" da ajiye abun ciki a can, tsarin ya rage aikin aiki akan babbar cibiyar bayanai yadda ya kamata. Babban ciniki da aka lura da shi shine yuwuwar ƙaruwa kaɗan a matsakaicin jinkiri ko tsawon hanyar, saboda mafi gajeren hanyar ba koyaushe yake da kore ba. Duk da haka, ɓangaren ajiyar ajiya ya taimaka rage wannan ta hanyar kawo abun ciki kusa da gefen lokaci. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da yuwuwar hanyar nau'i biyu a cikin daidaita makamashi da manufofin aiki.

5. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Yanayi: Sabis na yawo bidiyo a lokacin rana a Turai. Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Fahimtar Makamashi: Masu hanyar sadarwa a Kudancin Turai (yawan hasken rana) suna ba da rahoton babban $E_{ren}$.
2. Hanyar Sadarwa Gradient: Buƙatun masu amfani daga Tsakiyar Turai ana tura su zuwa waɗannan manyan ƙwayoyin makamashi na Kudu.
3. Ajiyar Ajiya Mai Gabatarwa: Bidiyon da ke faruwa ana ajiye shi a kan masu hanyar sadarwa tare da wannan "koren hanya" da aka kafa.
4. Buƙatun Na Gaba: Buƙatun na gaba daga masu amfani a Tsakiyar Turai ko ma Arewacin Turai ana biya su daga ajiyar kore a Kudu, yana rage zirga-zirgar Turai da amfani da makamashin hasken rana.

Aikin da ba Code ba: Ana iya ƙirƙira wannan a matsayin madauki na ci gaba: Lura da Makamashi -> Sabunta Taswirorin Gradient -> Hanyar Buƙatun -> Daidaita Sanyawa Ajiya -> Maimaita.

6. Fahimta ta Asali & Ra'ayi na Mai Bincike

Fahimta ta Asali: Wannan takarda ba game da koren hanyar sadarwa kawai ba ce; yana da hankali kan kuɗaɗen carbon da jinkiri. Yana nuna cewa tsarin farashin hanyar sadarwa na gaba zai shigar da kuɗaɗen carbon da rashin kwanciyar hankali na tushen makamashi, yana mai da matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa na mai hanyar sadarwa ma'auni na farko na hanyar sadarwa, kamar yadda bandwidth ko adadin tsalle-tsalle ke da mahimmanci. A zahiri marubutan suna ba da shawarar injin "cinikin carbon" mai rarrabawa, mai motsi don bayanai.

Kwararar Hankali: Hankali yana da ban sha'awa amma ya dogara ne akan wani gaba na musamman: 1) Rarraba yaduwar ƙwayoyin gefe masu amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa (babban umarni ga yawancin ISPs da suka mayar da hankali kan farashi). 2) Ƙa'idodi ko turawa kasuwa wanda ke sa "bandwidth mai launin ruwan kasa" ya fi "koren bandwidth" tsada. Kwararar fasaha—amfani da gradients na makamashi don hanyar sadarwa da ajiyar ajiya—yana da kyau, yana tunawa da yadda TCP ke guje wa cunkoso, amma ana amfani da shi ga kasafin carbon.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine tsarinsa na hangen nesa, cikakke. Ya wuce ingancin cibiyar bayanai keɓaɓɓu, kamar ƙoƙarin Google da aka rubuta a cikin rahotannin ingancin cibiyar bayanai, zuwa ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa gabaɗaya. Duk da haka, kuskure shine aikace-aikacensa. Ƙarin aikin yadawa da daidaitawa na yanayin makamashi na ainihi na lokaci-lokaci zai iya zama mai hana. Hakanan yana ɗauka cewa abun ciki yana da ajiya kuma ya shahara—ba shi da tasiri sosai ga bayanai na ainihi, na lokaci-lokaci. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin da suka fi mayar da hankali kan kayan aiki kamar amfani da sauya hoto ko ƙananan guntu masu ƙarancin wuta, wannan mafita ce mai nauyin software wacce za ta iya fuskantar rashin turawa.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu aikin wayar tarho, abin da ake ɗauka nan da nan ba cikakken turawa ba ne amma gwaji. Fara da kayan aikin ƙwayoyin hanyar sadarwa a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa ko tashoshin tushe masu amfani da hasken rana kuma a yi amfani da wannan hankali ga zirga-zirgar baya ko daidaitawa marasa mahimmanci na jinkiri. Ga masu tsara manufofi, takardar ita ce tsarin yadda za a iya aiwatar da SLA masu fahimtar carbon ta fasaha. Al'ummar bincike ya kamata su mayar da hankali kan sauƙaƙa jirgin sararin samaniya—watakila aro daga falsafar CycleGAN na koyon taswirori tsakanin yankuna (tsarin hanyar sadarwa da taswirorin makamashi) don rage ƙarin aikin tsari.

7. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

• Haɗawa tare da Lissafin Gefen 5G/6G: Sabar MEC (Sabis na Lissafi na Gefen Samun dama) ƴan takara ne na halitta don wannan samfurin, suna ɗaukar nauyin aikace-aikace da ajiyar abun ciki bisa ga samuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa na gida.
• Blockchain & Hanyoyin Sadarwar Makamashi Mai Rarrabawa: Yanayin hanyar sadarwa mai fahimtar makamashi ana iya rubuta shi a kan littafin rajista, yana ba da damar tabbatar da "canja wurin bayanai kore" don rahoton dorewar kamfani.
• Koyon Injini don Hasashe: Amfani da hasashen yanayi da bayanan tarihi don hasashen $E_{ren}(t+\Delta t)$ da ƙaura abun ciki ko tsara lissafi, kama da daidaita nauyi a cibiyoyin bayanai na girgije.
• Daidaituwar Ma'auni na Kore: Haɓaka ma'auni na IETF ko IEEE don tallata tushen makamashi na mai hanyar sadarwa da ƙarfin carbon, kama da "alamar abinci mai gina jiki" don hanyoyin hanyar sadarwa.
• La'akari da Hanyar Sadarwa ta Quantum: Yayin da masu maimaita quantum suka fito, buƙatun makamashin sanyaya masu mahimmanci za a iya haɗa su cikin irin wannan tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai fahimtar makamashi tun daga farko.

8. Nassoshi

1. Mineraud, J., Wang, L., Balasubramaniam, S., & Kangasharju, J. (2014). Rahoton Fasaha – Cibiyar Sadarwa Mai Fahimtar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa. Jami'ar Helsinki.
2. Google. (Ba a bayyana ba). Cibiyoyin Bayanai na Google: Ingantacciyar Aiki. An samo daga https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/efficiency/
3. Zhu, J., Park, T., Isola, P., & Efros, A. A. (2017). Fassarar Hotuna-zuwa-Hoto mara Haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da Cibiyoyin Adawa na Ci gaba da Zagayowar. A cikin Proceedings na taron kwamfuta na duniya na kwamfuta (shafi na 2223-2232).
4. Bari, M. F., et al. (2013). Binciken Kore Cloud Computing. Jaridar Supercomputing.
5. Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA). (2022). Cibiyoyin Bayanai da Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayanai. IEA, Paris.