Bukatar gaggawar rage hayakin carbon daga tattalin arzikin duniya yayin da ake cika ƙarƙashin buƙatun makamashi ya sanya Kamawar Carbon Kai Tsaye (DAC) a gaban dabarun rage sauyin yanayi. Duk da haka, yawan ƙarfin makamashi da yake buƙata, musamman makamashin zafi da ake buƙata don sake haifuwar abin da zai ɗauki carbon (100–800 °C), har yanzu ya kasance babban cikas ga farashi da dorewa. Wannan binciken yana binciken haɗa fasahar Tabbatar da Zafin Rana (CST) tare da ajiyar Makamashi Mai Zafi (TES) mai arha, ta amfani da yashi, don samar da ƙarfi ga tsarin DAC. Muna gabatar da cikakken binciken fasaha da tattalin arziki na tsarin DAC mai amfani da zafin rana da aka haɗa da cibiyar wutar lantarki da na kai da kai, yana kimanta yuwuwarsu na cimma cirewar carbon dioxide mai iya faɗaɗawa da kuma mai inganci a farashi.
Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar inganta tsarin matakin tsarin don ƙira da kimanta DAC mai amfani da zafin rana.
Babban tsarin ya haɗa na'urar DAC mai amfani da abin da zai ɗauki carbon mai ƙarfi (yana buƙatar zafin sake haifuwa na kusan 100 °C) tare da filin CST mai siffar lankwasa. Zanen ya ba da fifiko ga abubuwan da za su ɗauki carbon masu ɗaukar zagayawa gajere waɗanda zagayowar sake haifuwarsu suka yi daidai da samuwar rana, yana ƙara amfani da makamashin rana na yini.
Wani sabon abu mai mahimmanci shine amfani da yashi mai arha a matsayin matsakaicin TES. Ana dumama yashi ta hanyar tsarin CST yayin rana kuma ana adana shi a cikin silos masu kariya. Ana fitar da wannan zafin da aka adana zuwa tsarin sake haifuwar na'urar DAC a lokacin dare ko lokutan girgije, yana ba da damar ci gaba da aiki kusan.
An ƙirƙiri ƙirar farashi ta ƙasa-zuwa-sama, wanda ya haɗa da kashe kuɗin jari (CAPEX) don filin rana, ajiya, sassan DAC, da ma'auni na shuka, tare da kashe kuɗin aiki (OPEX) ciki har da kulawa da nauyin makamashi na ɓarna. Ƙirar tana inganta girman tsarin (yankin filin rana, ƙarfin ajiya) don rage Farashin Cirewar CO2 Mai Daidaitawa (LCOR).
$160 – $200 /ton
LCOR da za a iya cimmawa ga tsarin da aka inganta
> 80%
An ba da damar ta hanyar TES na yashi
< 1 km²
Don tsarin da aka tsara
Tsarin DAC mai amfani da zafin rana da aka inganta ya cimma Farashin Cirewar CO2 Mai Daidaitawa (LCOR) tsakanin $160 zuwa $200 a kowace ton. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin gasa da sauran manyan hanyoyin DAC, kamar tsarin da ke amfani da ruwa mai narkewa wanda ke samun ƙarfi daga zafin ƙasa ko kore wutar lantarki, waɗanda galibi suna ba da rahoton farashi a cikin kewayon $250-$600/ton (misali, Carbon Engineering, Climeworks).
Haɗa TES na yashi yana ba da damar tsarin ya ci gaba da samun babban samuwar aiki, yana cimma ma'auni na ƙarfin aiki na shekara sama da 80%. Ƙirar da aka tsara da za ta kama ton 6000 na CO2 a kowace shekara tana buƙatar ƙasa da murabba'in kilomita 1 na ƙasa, yana mai da shi dacewa da turawa a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa, yankuna masu yawan rana.
Duk da yake tsarin da aka haɗa da cibiyar wutar lantarki suna amfana da ƙarfin ajiya, tsarin kai da kai—waɗanda suka dogara kawai da PV na rana don wutar lantarki da CST/TES don zafi—sun nuna alƙawari musamman. Sun kawar da dogaro da cibiyar wutar lantarki da haɗaɗɗun hayaki na Scope 2, suna nuna ƙarancin hankali na aiki ga bambancin yanayin yanayi da ɗanɗano a cikin yanayi masu dacewa.
Wannan takarda ba kawai game da wani ra'ayi na DAC ba ne; darasi ne mai zurfi a cikin haɗaɗɗun tsarin aiki. Haɗin gwiwa na gaske shine haɗa sinadarai na abin da zai ɗauki carbon mai ɗaukar zagayawa gajere tare da zagayowar zafin rana na yini da ajiyar yashi mai arha. Wannan haɗin guda uku yana kai hari kai tsaye ga ƙarfin jari na DAC: ƙarfin jari na samar da ci gaba da zafi mai inganci daga makamashi mai sabuntawa na lokaci-lokaci. Ta hanyar karɓar yanayin rana na yini da ƙirƙirar dukan zagayowar kamawa a kusa da shi, sun kauce wa buƙatar ajiya mai tsada na tsawon mako ko gina yawan ƙarfin rana—kuskure na gama gari a cikin ƙirar masana'antu mai amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa.
Hujjar tana da kyau sosai: 1) Farashin DAC ya fi rinjaye zafi. 2) Tushen zafi mara carbon suna takurawa ta yanki (zafin ƙasa) ko kuma hadadden dabaru (zafin sharar gida). 3) Rana tana da yawa amma tana katsewa. 4) Saboda haka, mafita ba kawai zafin rana ba ne, amma zafin rana + ajiya wanda ya isa arha don sa tattalin arziki ya yi aiki. TES na yashi shine mai ba da dama mai mahimmanci a nan—ba babban fasaha ba ne, amma yana kawo farashin ajiya zuwa matakin inda LCOR gaba ɗaya ya zama mai gasa. Daga nan takardar ta gwada wannan ma'ana ta hanyar ƙirar binciken fasaha da tattalin arziki na yanayi biyu na haɗa da cibiyar wutar lantarki da na waje, yana tabbatar da yuwuwarsa a cikin mafi kyawun muhalli.
Ƙarfi: Mayar da hankali kan tsarin gabaɗaya, ingantacce maimakon ci gaban ɓangare shine babban ƙarfinsa. Manufar farashin $160-200/ton yana da inganci kuma yana kawo sauyi idan an cimma shi da girma. Amfani da TES na yashi shine mafita mai sauƙi, ƙaramin fasaha ga matsalar babban fasaha, yana ba da mafi kyawun farashi da iya faɗaɗawa idan aka kwatanta da tsarin gishiri mai narkewa da aka saba da su a cikin masana'antar CSP, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin kimantawa na NREL na ajiyar makamashi na dogon lokaci. Binciken hankalin yanayin yanayi yana da mahimmanci musamman don turawa a duniyar gaske.
Kurakurai/Rashin: Takardar ta yi watsi da masu iya dakatar da wasan. Ƙarfin watsa zafi na yashi yana da rauni, yana buƙatar ƙirar mai canja wurin zafi mai wayo (kuma mai yuwuwar tsada) don caji/fitar da ƙarfi—ƙalubalen injiniyanci mara banza. Binciken da alama ya dogara ne a cikin hamada masu kyau, masu cike da rana. Ba ya magance lalacewar aiki a cikin zagayowar yanayi ko yayin tsawon lokutan girgije ba, ko kuma amfani da ruwa don tsaftace madubi a wurare masu bushewa. Bugu da ƙari, kwatancen da "manyan fasahohin DAC" ba shi da cikakken rarrabuwa, ɓangaren ɓangaren zato, yana sa kwatancen gaske mai daidaito ya zama mai wahala.
Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu haɓakawa: Yi niyya ga raƙuman ruwa masu ɗauke da babban DNI (Hasken Rana Kai Tsaye). Wannan fasaha ba ta Jamus ko Burtaniya ba ce; mafi kyawun wurinta shine yankin MENA, Chile, Australia, ko Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, musamman kusa da wuraren ajiyar CO2 don rage farashin sufuri. Ƙirar da aka tsara ta ton 6000 a shekara tana nuna dabarun gina ƙananan raka'a da yawa maimakon babban shuka ɗaya, yana rage haɗarin turawa. Binciken kuma a fakaice yana ba da hujjar ƙara R&D zuwa kayan da za su ɗauki carbon tare da zagayowar sake haifuwa ƙasa da sa'o'i 24—wannan ci gaban haɗin gwiwa ne mai mahimmanci. A ƙarshe, masu tsara manufofi su lura: wannan hanyar tana mai da abin alhaki na amfani da ƙasa (ƙasa mai bushewa) zuwa kadarorin yanayi, yana haifar da sabon dalili na saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aikin watsawa zuwa waɗannan yankuna.
Inganta tattalin arziki da fasaha yana rage Farashin Cirewar CO2 Mai Daidaitawa (LCOR), wanda aka tsara kamar haka:
$LCOR = \frac{CAPEX \cdot CRF + OPEX}{M_{CO_2}}$
Inda $CAPEX$ shine jimillar farashin jari, $CRF$ shine Ma'aunin Maido da Jari $CRF = \frac{i(1+i)^n}{(1+i)^n - 1}$ (tare da $i$ a matsayin ƙimar riba da $n$ a matsayin rayuwar shuka), $OPEX$ shine farashin aiki na shekara, kuma $M_{CO_2}$ shine adadin CO2 da aka kama a shekara.
Ma'aunin makamashi don TES na yashi yana da mahimmanci. Makamashin zafi da aka adana $Q_{stored}$ an ba da shi kamar haka:
$Q_{stored} = m_{sand} \cdot c_{p,sand} \cdot (T_{hot} - T_{cold})$
inda $m_{sand}$ shine yawan yashi ajiya, $c_{p,sand}$ shine ƙarfin zafi na musamman (~800 J/kg·K), kuma $T_{hot}$ da $T_{cold}$ sune manyan ƙananan yanayin zafi na ajiya, bi da bi.
Muhimman binciken binciken an fi ganinsu ta hanyar jadawali da yawa na ra'ayi (an bayyana su a nan bisa labarin takardar):
Yanayi: Kimanta Wuri a cikin Hamadar Nevada, Amurka
Manufa: Ƙayyade yuwuwar da mafi kyawun tsari na shukar DAC mai amfani da zafin rana.
Matakan Tsarin:
Tsarin DAC mai amfani da zafin rana yana gabatar da hanya mai ban sha'awa don CDR mai girma, musamman a cikin waɗannan yanayi:
Hanyoyin Bincike & Ci Gaba na Gaba: