Binciken Gwaji na Aikin Zafi na Zaɓaɓɓun Mai don Ajiyar Makamashin Rana da Dafa Abinci

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan binciken yana bincika aikin zafi na mai da ake samu a cikin gida a Uganda—musamman mai sunflower da aka tace, mai dabino da aka tace, da mai ma'adinai na masana'antu Thermia B—don aikace-aikace a cikin ajiyar makamashin zafi na rana da tsarin dafa abinci na karkara. Babban ƙalubalen da aka magance shine gano mai canja wurin zafi (HTF) mai araha, aminci, da inganci da kuma matsakaicin ajiya wanda ya dace da yanayin karkara mara layin wutar lantarki, inda HTF na masana'antu na al'ada ke da tsada sosai.

An motsa binciken ne saboda iyakokin kafofin gama-gari kamar iska (ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi) da ruwa (haɗarin tururi a yanayin zafi mai girma). Mai kayan lambu yana gabatar da madadin mai ban sha'awa saboda mafi girman kwanciyar hankali na zafi, aminci idan aka yi zubewa, da samuwa a cikin gida, wanda ya dace da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa.

2. Hanyar Gwaji

An tsara hanyar gwaji don kimanta duka ƙarfin riƙon zafi na tsaye da iyawar canja wurin zafi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ke kwaikwayon cajin zafi na rana.

2.1. Samfuran Mai & Kaddarorin

An zaɓi mai guda uku bisa ga samuwa a cikin gida da dacewa:

Mai Sunflower da aka Tace: Mai kayan lambu na gama-gari.
Mai Dabino da aka Tace: Wani mai kayan lambu da ake samu ko'ina.
Thermia B: Mai canja wurin zafi na kasuwanci na tushen ma'adinai da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ma'auni.

Mahimman kaddarorin jiki na zafi (yawa $\rho$, takamaiman ƙarfin zafi $c_p$, yada zafi $k$) an samo su daga wallafe-wallafe (Mawire et al., 2014), suna nuna mai kayan lambu gabaɗaya suna da mafi girman yawa da takamaiman ƙarfin zafi fiye da Thermia B.

2.2. Gwajin Ƙarfin Rike Zafi

Wani babban gwaji ya auna riƙon zafi mara aiki. Tankin silinda mai girman 4.5L, mai rufi kuma an saka shi da hita na lantarki na 1.5 kW, an cika shi da 4L na kowane mai. An dumama mai zuwa zafin jiki kusa da wurin hayaki (iyaka na aminci da aiki). An dakatar da dumama, sannan aka rubuta lanƙwan sanyi a cikin kimanin sa'o'i 24 ta amfani da thermocouples na K-type da aka haɗa zuwa mai rikodin bayanai TC-08 (duba tsarin Fig. 1). Wannan gwaji ya ƙididdige ikon mai na adana da riƙe makamashin zafi ba tare da zagayawa mai aiki ba.

Bayanin Chati/Hoto (Fig. 1): Tsarin yana nuna tankin silinda mai rufi wanda ke ɗauke da samfurin mai. Akwai hita mai nitsewa. An shigar da thermocouples guda uku a tsayi daban-daban (nisa 5cm) don auna matakan zafin jiki. Wayoyi daga thermocouples suna haɗawa zuwa mai rikodin bayanai (TC-08), wanda aka haɗa shi da kwamfuta don sa ido da rikodin bayanai na ainihin lokaci.

3. Sakamako & Bincike

3.1. Kwatancen Aikin Zafi

Bayanin gwaji ya bayyana sararin samaniya na aiki:

Yawan Samun Zafi

Mai Kayan Lambu > Thermia B
Mai sunflower da mai dabino sun kai maƙasudin yanayin zafi da sauri fiye da mai ma'adinai yayin lokacin caji, yana nuna yuwuwar mafi kyawun ɗaukar zafi a cikin mai tara rana.

Tsawon Lokacin Rike Zafi

Mai Sunflower > Mai Dabino > Thermia B
Mai sunflower ya nuna mafi ƙarancin saurin sanyi, yana riƙe zafi mai amfani na mafi tsawon lokaci bayan an cire tushen zafi.

Jimillar Makamashin da aka Ajiye

Mai Sunflower > Mai Dabino > Thermia B
Lissafin da aka yi bisa lanƙwan sanyi da ƙarfin zafi ya nuna mai sunflower ya adana mafi girman adadin makamashin zafi a kowace ƙarar guda.

3.2. Muhimman Bincike & Bayanai

Binciken ya gano cikakken cewa mai sunflower da aka tace shine mafi dacewa a cikin mai da aka gwada don haɗaɗɗen canja wurin zafi da ajiya a cikin tsarin dafa abinci na rana. Mafi girman takamaiman ƙarfin zafi da riƙon zafi kai tsaye yana fassara zuwa mafi girman ingancin tsarin da tsawon lokutan dafa abinci daga caji ɗaya. Mai dabino ya yi aiki abin girmamawa amma mai sunflower ya fi shi. Thermia B, yayin da yake mai canja wurin zafi na masana'antu, bai yi tasiri ba a cikin wannan takamaiman aikace-aikacen, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi na ƙarar.

Mahimman Fahimta: Mafi kyawun mai aiki ba shine mai canja wurin zafi na masana'antu na musamman ba amma mai kayan lambu na cikin gida, mai darajar abinci, yana nuna ƙimar fasahar da ta dace da yanayi.

4. Zurfin Binciken Fasaha

4.1. Tsarin Lissafi & Dabaru

Makamashin da aka adana a cikin mai yayin gwaji za'a iya yin samfuri ta amfani da ma'auni na asali na calorimetry:

$$Q = m \int_{T_{initial}}^{T_{final}} c_p(T) \, dT$$

Inda $Q$ shine makamashin zafi (J), $m$ shine yawan mai (kg), kuma $c_p(T)$ shine takamaiman ƙarfin zafi mai dogaro da zafin jiki (J/kg·K). Binciken ya yi amfani da dabaru na zahiri don $c_p$ daga Mawire et al. (2014), misali, don mai sunflower: $c_p = 2115.00 + 3.13T$.

Ana iya nazarin tsarin sanyaya ta amfani da Dokar Sanyaya ta Newton, ta kiyasin ƙimar asarar zafi:

$$\frac{dT}{dt} \approx -k (T - T_{ambient})$$

Inda $k$ shine madaidaicin sanyaya wanda ya dogara da kaddarorin mai da rufin tsarin. Mafi jinkirin $dT/dt$ don mai sunflower yana nuna mafi kyawun $k$ don ajiyar makamashi.

4.2. Bayanin Tsarin Gwaji

Babban na'urar shine tanki mai rufi sosai don rage asarar zafi ga muhalli, yana tabbatar da cewa lanƙwan sanyaya da aka auna sun nuna ainihin kaddarorin mai. Amfani da thermocouples da yawa ya ba da damar lura da rarrabuwar zafi—wani yanki mai zafi a saman wani mai sanyi—wanda ke da alaƙa a cikin ajiyar ruwa mara motsi. Tsarin rikodin bayanai ya ba da bayanan zafin jiki na ɗan lokaci mai ƙima mai mahimmanci don ingantaccen lissafin makamashi da kwatancen bincike.

5. Bincike Mai Mahimmanci & Hangen Masana'antu

Mahimman Fahimta: Wannan takarda tana ba da bugun jini mai ƙarfi, mara ma'ana: a cikin ƙaramin ƙaramin ajiyar zafi na rana mai araha, na karkara, abin dafa abinci na gama-gari (mai sunflower) zai iya ƙetare mai canja wurin zafi na masana'antu da aka yi niyya (Thermia B). Haɓaka na gaske ba sabon abu ba ne, amma sake daidaita mahallin wanda ke akwai. Yana canza mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙira daga haɗaɗɗen fasaha mai girma zuwa zaɓin fasaha mai hankali, daidai.

Matsala ta Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da kyau kai tsaye kuma ana amfani da shi. Ya fara da matsala ta gaske ta duniya (tsada da aminci na HTFs don dafa abinci na karkara), ya ayyana ma'auni masu dacewa na aiki (samun zafi, riƙewa, jimillar ajiya), kuma ya kafa gwaji mai sarrafawa wanda ke kwaikwayon mahimman ayyukan tsarin kai tsaye (caji da sanyaya mara aiki). Kwatancen tsakanin mai kayan lambu na gida da ma'auni na masana'antu shine babban nasararsa, yana ba da dacewa nan take, mai yiwuwa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Babban ƙarfin binciken shine ingancin aiki. Yanayin gwaji (kusa da yanayin zafin hayaki, sanyaya na sa'o'i 24) yana kwaikwayon yanayin amfani na gaske. Zaɓin mai da ake samu a cikin gida yana tabbatar da cewa binciken za'a iya aiwatar da shi nan take, yana rage shingen canja wurin fasaha. Wannan ya dace da fagen "ƙirƙira mai tawali'u" da cibiyoyi kamar Shirin Taimakon Gudanar da Sashen Makamashi na Bankin Duniya (ESMAP) suka rubuta.
Kurakurai: Binciken da farko na zahiri ne da kwatancen, ba shi da zurfin nutsewa cikin dalilin da ke bayan bambance-bambancen aikin. Yayin da yake ambaton bayanan kaddarorin, bai bincika cikakken dalilan kwayoyin halitta ko abun da ke ciki ba mai sunflower ya fi mai dabino. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya bar gwaje-gwajen kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci—mai mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen gaske. Mai kayan lambu na iya yin polymerization, oxidation, da lalacewa a ƙarƙashin sake zagayowar zafi (wani abu da aka yi bincike sosai a cikin binciken mai soya). Shin mai sunflower zai samar da laka bayan zagayowar dumama 100? Takardar ba ta yi magana game da wannan matsala ba. Haka kuma bai magance tasirin da zai iya haifarwa ga ingancin dafa abinci ko canja wurin wari ba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga injiniyoyi da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki akan masu dafa abinci na rana don yankuna masu tasowa, umarni a bayyane yake: yi samfuri da mai sunflower yanzu. An tabbatar da fa'idar aiki. Mataki na gaba mai mahimmanci na R&D dole ne ya zama gwajin dorewa da tsawon rayuwa. Yi haɗin gwiwa tare da masana sinadarai na abinci don fahimta da rage lalacewar zafi. Bincika tacewa mai sauƙi ko dabarun ƙari don tsawaita rayuwar mai. Bugu da ƙari, wannan aikin ya kamata ya haifar da mafi faɗin neman kayan: idan mai sunflower yana aiki, menene game da sauran ruwa masu yawa a cikin gida, masu ƙarfin zafi kamar wasu mai iri ko ma maganin tushen sukari? Tsarin binciken da aka kafa a nan shine cikakken samfuri don irin wannan tsari na bincike, na musamman na yanki.

6. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Tsarin don Kimanta Ruwan Ajiyar Zafi na Gida:
Wannan binciken yana ba da tsarin da za'a iya maimaitawa don tantance kowane ruwa mai yuwuwa a cikin takamaiman mahallin zamantakewa-fasaha. Tsarin ya ƙunshi tacewa guda huɗu a jere:

Tace Mahalli (Samuwa & Aminci): Shin kayan yana samuwa a cikin gida, mai araha, kuma ba shi da haɗari (misali, mara guba, ba mai ƙonewa a yadda ruwa yake)? Mai sunflower ya wuce; mai roba na iya kasawa akan tsada/samuwa.
Tace Kaddarori (Jiki na Zafi): Shin yana da babban ƙarfin zafi na ƙarar ($\rho c_p$) da kewayon zafin jiki na aiki? Bayanai daga wallafe-wallafe ko gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi sun shafi nan.
Tace Aiki (Gwaji): Ta yaya yake aiki a zahiri a cikin tsarin da aka kwaikwaya? Wannan ya haɗa da gwaje-gwajen samun zafi da riƙewa da aka bayyana a cikin takardar.
Tace Dorewa & Tsawon Rayuwa (Dogon Lokaci): Shin yana ci gaba da aiki a kan sake zagayowar maimaitawa? Menene bayyanar lalacewarsa da jimillar farashin tsawon rayuwarsa?

Aikace-aikacen Misalin Lamari:
Wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a Indiya tana son haɓaka na'urar ajiyar zafi na rana don dafa abinci na al'umma. Ta amfani da wannan tsarin:
1. Mahalli: Sun gano mai mustard da mai kwakwa a matsayin abubuwan da ake samu ko'ina, masu araha, kuma aminci don haɗuwa da abinci.
2. Kaddarori: Binciken wallafe-wallafe ya nuna mai kwakwa yana da babban takamaiman ƙarfin zafi (~2000 J/kg·K) da babban wurin hayaki (~177°C), yana mai da shi mai ban sha'awa.
3. Aiki: Sun gina rigar gwaji iri ɗaya da Fig. 1 na takardar, suna kwatanta mai mustard, mai kwakwa, da tushen ruwa. Sun gano mai kwakwa yana riƙe zafi 40% tsawon lokaci fiye da ruwa don band ɗin zafin jiki da suke so.
4. Dorewa: Sun gudanar da zagayowar zafi-sanyi 50 a jere akan mai kwakwa, suna lura da danko da acidity. Ƙaruwar danko bayan zagayowar 30 yana nuna buƙatar maye gurbin mai ko jiyya, yana ayyana ka'idojin kulawa don ƙirar tsarin ƙarshe.

7. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Tasirin wannan binciken ya wuce masu dafa abinci na rana masu sauƙi:

Tsarin Zafi na Rana Mai Sauƙi: Ajiyar mai sunflower na iya ba da zafi ba kawai don dafa abinci ba har ma da ƙaramin zafi don dumama sarari ko dumama ruwa a cikin asibitocin karkara ko makarantu, yana inganta tattalin arzikin tsarin gaba ɗaya.
Haɗawa da Tafarkin Rana: Ƙananan masu tara tafarkin rana na iya amfani da mai kayan lambu a matsayin HTF kai tsaye da matsakaicin ajiya, yana sauƙaƙa gine-ginen tsarin don aikace-aikacen rarrabuwa.
Haɗaɗɗen Kimiyyar Kayan: Bincike na gaba ya kamata ya bincika ƙirƙirar "mai kayan lambu da aka haɓaka" tare da watsa nanoparticles (misali, alumina, graphite) don haɓaka yada zafi ($k$) ba tare da yin hadaya da aminci ko tsada ba, ra'ayin da aka bincika a cikin binciken nanofluids na ci gaba (misali, binciken da aka buga a cikin International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer).
Gaurayawan AI-Optimized: Ana iya horar da samfuran koyon injina akan ma'ajin kaddarorin jiki na zafi don hasashen mafi kyawun gaurayawan mai daban-daban na gida don haɓaka $\rho c_p$ da rage farashi don wani yanki na yanayi.
Samfuran Tattalin Arziki na Madauwari: Bincike cikin amfani da mai dafa abinci na sharar gida (bayan kulawa daidai) a matsayin matsakaicin ajiyar zafi zai iya haifar da madauwari mai jan hankali, yana ƙara rage farashi da sharar gida.

Muhimmin mataki na gaba shine motsawa daga aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa ƙirar tsarin da aka tabbatar da filin, mai ɗorewa, yana magance tambayoyin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci wanda wannan binciken na tushe ya buɗe.

8. Nassoshi

Nyeinga, K., Okello, D., Bernard, T., & Nydal, O. J. (2017). Experimental Investigation of Thermal Performance for Selected Oils for Solar Thermal Energy Storage and Rural Cooking Application. ISES Solar World Congress 2017 Proceedings. doi:10.18086/swc.2017.14.05
Mawire, A., McPherson, M., & van den Heetkamp, R. R. J. (2014). Simulated performance of storage materials for pebble bed thermal energy storage (TES) systems. Applied Energy, 113, 1106-1115. (Tushen bayanan kaddarorin jiki na zafi).
Okello, D., Nyeinga, K., & Nydal, O. J. (2016). Experimental investigation of a rock bed thermal energy storage system for solar cooking. International Journal of Sustainable Energy.
World Bank / ESMAP. (2020). Frugal Innovation in the Energy Sector: A Guide to Doing More with Less. [Rahoton Kan layi].
International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC). (2021). Task 58: Material and Component Development for Thermal Energy Storage. [Shirin Bincike].
Said, Z., et al. (2021). Recent advances on nanofluids for low to medium temperature solar collectors: energy, exergy, economic analysis and environmental impact. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 84, 100898. (Don mahallin haɓaka nanofluid).