Tsarin Haɗin Ƙarfafawar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa: Nazari Mai Zurfi

1. Gabatarwa

Haɗa nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa daban-daban zuwa tsari mai haɗaka da inganci yana gabatar da ƙalubale mai girma a zahiri. Tsarin Haɗin ƙarfafawar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa (HRES), waɗanda suke haɗa tushe kamar hasken rana (PV) tare da tsare-tsaren ajiyar makamashi (ESS), suna da mahimmanci don samar da makamashi mai tsayayye da dorewa. Duk da haka, inganta irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren yana buƙatar daidaita manufofi da yawa, waɗanda galibi suka ci karo da juna, a lokaci guda. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da samfurin lissafi mai matakai uku wanda aka tsara musamman don HRES. Babban manufar ita ce samar da tsari mai tsari wanda zai iya magance matakai uku masu mahimmanci na yanke shawara a lokaci guda: haɓaka ingancin hasken rana (PV), haɓaka aikin ESS, da rage hayakin da ke haifar da dumamar yanayi (GHG). Wannan hanya ta wuce ingantaccen manufa ɗaya don ɗaukar rikice-rikicen da ke cikin cibiyoyin wutar lantarki na zamani.

2. Tsarin Samfurin Matakai Uku

Samfurin da aka gabatar yana tsara matsalar inganta HRES zuwa matakai uku masu matsayi, kowannensu yana da manufofi da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai waɗanda ke shiga cikin na gaba.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Za a iya tsara samfurin matakai uku a matsayin matsala mai rikitarwa. Bari $x_1$ ya zama masu canji na yanke shawara don tsarin hasken rana (PV) (misali, ƙarfi, alkibla), $x_2$ don ESS (misali, ƙarfi, jadawalin tura), kuma $x_3$ ya wakilci sigogin matakin tsarin da ke shafar hayaki.

Mataki na 3 (Babban Mataki - Rage Hayaki):

$\min_{x_3} \, F_{GHG}(x_1^*, x_2^*, x_3)$

ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun tsarin gaba ɗaya (misali, jimillar kasafin kuɗi, amfani da ƙasa).

Inda $x_1^*$ da $x_2^*$ suke mafita mafi kyau daga ƙananan matakan.

Mataki na 2 (Matsakaicin Mataki - Inganta ESS):

$\max_{x_2} \, F_{ESS}(x_1^*, x_2)$

ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ajiyar makamashi: $SOC_{t+1} = SOC_t + \eta_{ch} \cdot P_{ch,t} - \frac{P_{dis,t}}{\eta_{dis}}$, inda $SOC$ shine yanayin caji, $\eta$ shine inganci, kuma $P$ shine ƙarfi.

Mataki na 1 (Ƙananan Mataki - Inganta PV):

$\max_{x_1} \, F_{PV}(x_1) = \sum_{t} P_{PV,t}(x_1, G_t, T_t)$

inda $P_{PV,t}$ shine fitarwar ƙarfi a lokacin $t$, aiki ne na hasken rana $G_t$ da zafin jiki $T_t$.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Gidan Hoto

Yayin da abin da aka fitar na PDF bai ƙunshi takamaiman sakamakon lamba ba, ingantaccen gwaji na irin wannan samfurin zai haɗa da simintin gyare-gyare wanda ke kwatanta ingantaccen HRES na matakai uku da na al'ada na mataki ɗaya ko matakai biyu.

Bayanin Gidan Hoto na Hasashe: Sakamako mai mahimmanci zai yiwu a gabatar da shi azaman gidan hoto mai layi da yawa. Ax-is na x zai wakilci lokaci (misali, sama da sa'o'i 24 ko shekara guda). Y-axis da yawa za su iya nuna: 1) Samar da hasken rana (PV) (kW), 2) Yanayin Caji na ESS (%), 3) Shigo da/Fitar da wutar lantarki (kW), da 4) Jimillar hayakin GHG (kg CO2-eq). Gidan hoton zai nuna yadda samfurin matakai uku ya yi nasarar canza nauyi, yana cajin baturi a lokutan kololuwar hasken rana, yana sakin caji a lokutan buƙatun kololuwar maraice, da kuma rage dogaro da wutar lantarki, wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin bayanin hayaki mai santsi idan aka kwatanta da tsarin da bai inganta ba ko kuma wanda aka inganta shi kaɗai. Gidan hoton sandar da ke kwatanta jimillar hayakin GHG na shekara, farashin tsarin, da ƙimar amfani da makamashin hasken rana a cikin hanyoyin ingantawa daban-daban zai ƙara nuna fifikon ingancin Pareto na samfurin matakai uku.

5. Tsarin Nazari: Misalin Nazarin Shari'a

Yanayi: Wani babban ginin kasuwanci mai matsakaicin girma yana neman rage farashin makamashi da sawun carbon.

Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

1. Shigar da Bayanai: Tattara bayanan nauyin sa'o'i ɗaya na tarihi, bayanan hasken rana/zafin jiki na gida, farashin wutar lantarki (gami da farashin lokaci), da ƙarfin carbon na wutar lantarki.
2. Nazarin Mataki na 1: Ta amfani da software kamar PVsyst ko SAM, ƙirar girman tsarin PV daban-daban da tsari. Ƙayyade mafi kyawun saiti wanda ke haɓaka yawan amfanin shekara bisa ƙayyadaddun sararin rufin.
3. Nazarin Mataki na 2: Ciyar da mafi kyawun bayanin samar da PV a cikin samfurin ESS (misali, ta amfani da Python tare da ɗakunan ajiya kamar Pyomo). Inganta girman baturi da jadawalin tura na sa'o'i 24 don haɓaka ciniki (sayen ƙasa, siyar da sama) da amfani da kai, ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun rayuwar zagayowar baturi.
4. Nazarin Mataki na 3: Lissafa hayakin GHG na tsarin rayuwa don tsarin PV+ESS da aka gabatar (ta amfani da bayanan bayanai kamar Ecoinvent). Kwatanta da yanayin kasuwanci kamar yadda yake (wutar lantarki kawai) da kuma sauƙaƙan yanayin PV kawai. Samfurin matakai uku zai gano tsarin inda ƙara ajiyar makamashi ke ba da mafi girman raguwar hayaki a kowace dala da aka saka hannun jari, wanda bazai zama daidai da tsarin da ke haɓaka ribar kuɗi kawai ba.

6. Fahimtar Jigo & Ra'ayin Mai Nazari

Fahimtar Jigo: Babban ƙimar takardar ba wani algorithm na ingantawa kawai ba ne; ƙirar ƙira ce. A hukumance ta raba manufofin ƙirar HRES da aka haɗa a al'ada zuwa jerin yanke shawara mai matsayi. Wannan yana kwatanta ainihin tsarin injiniyanci da yanke shawarar saka hannun jari (zaɓin fasaha -> daidaita aiki -> bin ka'idoji), yana sa samfurin ya fi fahimta da kuma aiki ga masu ruwa da tsaki fiye da mai inganta manufa da yawa baƙar fata.

Kwararar Hankali: Hankali yana da inganci kuma mai amfani. Ba za ku iya inganta ajiyar makamashi ba idan ba ku san bayanin samarwar ku ba, kuma ba za ku iya da'awar fa'idodin muhalli ba tare da ƙirar cikakken hulɗar tsarin ba. Tsarin matakai uku yana tilasta wannan dalili. Duk da haka, abin da aka fitar na takarda ya fi dogaro ga ambaton babban littafi ([1]-[108]) don kafa mahallin, wanda, yayin da yake nuna himma na ilimi, yana haɗarin rufe sabon jigon aikin. Ainihin gwajin yana cikin takamaiman tsari na ƙayyadaddun bayanai da masu haɗin kai tsakanin matakan, cikakkun bayanai da ba a bayar a cikin taƙaitaccen bayani ba.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Tsarin yana da sauƙin daidaitawa. Manufofin a kowane mataki za a iya musanya su (misali, Mataki na 1 zai iya rage LCOE maimakon haɓaka inganci) bisa ga fifikon aikin. Yana karɓar ra'ayoyin masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban (mai bayar da fasaha, mai sarrafa tsarin, mai tsara mulki).
Kuskure Mai Muhimmanci: Giwa a cikin ɗaki shine iyawar lissafi. Matsalolin ingantawa masu rikitarwa suna da wahala a warware su, galibi suna buƙatar algorithms masu maimaitawa ko sake fasalin zuwa matsala mataki ɗaya ta amfani da dabaru kamar yanayin Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT), waɗanda zasu iya zama masu rikitarwa da kuma kusan. Nasarar takardar ta dogara ne akan hanyar warwarewa da aka gabatar, wanda ba a yi cikakken bayani a nan ba. Ba tare da ingantaccen mai warwarewa ba, samfurin ya kasance ginin ka'idar ne. Bugu da ƙari, samfurin yana ɗauka cikakken hasashen albarkatun hasken rana da nauyi, sauƙi mai mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da gaskiyar da ke tattare da ƙarin tsare-tsare na ci gaba kamar waɗanda ke amfani da Tsarin Yanke Shawara na Markov, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin aikace-aikacen ƙwararren koyo don sarrafa makamashi.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu aiki, wannan takarda ta zama zane mai ban sha'awa don ƙirar tsarin. Aiki 1: Yi amfani da wannan tunanin matakai uku azaman lissafin buƙatun aikin HRES. A bayyane ayyana manufofin Mataki na 1, 2, da 3 kafin a gudanar da kowane software. Aiki 2: Lokacin kimanta shawarwarin mai siyarwa, tambayi wane matakin ingantawa ke magance tayin nasu. Yawancin suna mai da hankali kawai akan Mataki na 1 (yawan PV) ko Mataki na 2 (cinikin baturi), suna yin watsi da tasirin haɗin Mataki na 3 (hayaki). Aiki 3: Ga masu bincike, gibin da za a cika shine haɓaka ƙwararrun dabaru, saurin dabaru ko dabaru na sama (kamar algorithm na NSGA-II da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin ingantaccen manufa da yawa) musamman don warware wannan tsarin matakai uku yadda ya kamata a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, haɗa gibin tsakanin ingantaccen tsari da aiwatarwa.

7. Hasashen Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Samfurin matakai uku yana da babban yuwuwar fiye da aikace-aikacen microgrid da aka gabatar.

• Haɗin Girman Wutar Lantarki: Za a iya ƙididdige tsarin don inganta fayil na kadarorin sabuntawa da ajiyar makamashi mai girma (misali, batura mai gudana, ruwa mai famfo) ga masu sarrafa tsarin watsawa, yana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kwanciyar hankali da manufofin rage carbon.
• Samar da Hydrogen Koriya: Mataki na 1 zai iya inganta gonar iska-hasken rana, Mataki na 2 zai iya sarrafa ma'ajiyar ajiya na musamman, kuma Mataki na 3 zai iya rage ƙarfin carbon na hydrogen da aka samar ta hanyar electrolyzers, ƙalubale mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin hydrogen kore.
• Cibiyoyin Caji Motocin Lantarki (EV): Haɗa buƙatar cajin EV a matsayin nauyi mai ƙarfi. Mataki na 1 yana inganta sabuntawa akan shafi, Mataki na 2 yana sarrafa ajiyar makamashi da ikon mota-zuwa-wutar lantarki (V2G) daga EV masu haɗi, kuma Mataki na 3 yana rage jimillar sawun carbon na motsi.
• Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba: Mafi mahimmancin alkibla shine haɗa rashin tabbas (ingantaccen hasashe) don samar da hasken rana, nauyi, da farashin makamashi. Na biyu, haɗa koyon inji don hasashe da samfurin maye zai iya rage lokacin lissafi sosai. A ƙarshe, faɗaɗa zuwa samfurin matakai huɗu wanda ya haɗa da mataki na huɗu don lalacewar kadarori na dogon lokaci da tsarin maye gurbinsu zai inganta nazarin tsarin rayuwa.

8. Nassoshi

1. Hosseini, E. (Shekara). Samfurin Matakai Uku don Tsarin Haɗin Ƙarfafawar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa. Sunan Jarida, Juzu'i(Lamba), shafuka. (Tushen PDF)
2. Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S., & Meyarivan, T. (2002). Algorithm na gado mai sauri kuma mai ƙwarewa: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(2), 182-197.
3. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA). (2023). Sabuntawa 2023. An samo daga https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023
4. Laboratorin Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa na Ƙasa (NREL). (2023). Samfurin Mai Ba da Shawara na Tsarin (SAM). https://sam.nrel.gov/
5. Zhu, J., et al. (2017). Samfurin ingantaccen manufa da yawa don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da tsarin jadawalin ajiyar makamashi. Applied Energy, 200, 45-56.
6. F. R. de Almeida, et al. (2022). Ingantaccen Hasashe don Tsarin Haɗin Ƙarfafawar Makamashi Mai Sabuntawa: Bita. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168, 112842.
7. W. G. J. H. M. van Sark, et al. (2020). Makamashin Hasken Rana: Daga Tushe zuwa Aikace-aikace. Wiley.